直升機教員手冊 Helicopter Instructor’s Handbook
時間：2014-11-10 08:35來源：FAA 作者：直升機翻譯 點擊：次
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To view this page ensure that Adobe Flash Player version 9.0.124 or greater is installed. . Scanning techniques of attitude instrument flying . Common errors of attitude instrument flying: fixation, omission, and emphasis More detailed information, as well as additional explanations can be found in the following references: . Aviation Instructor’s Handbook . Instrument Flying Handbook . Helicopter Flying Handbook . Instrument Procedures Handbook . Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) . Advanced Avionics Handbook Instructional Objectives Continue to reinforce the basic standards throughout this training. Proper performance planning can be used to demonstrate the understanding and use of power settings in stabilized instrument flight techniques. Knowing the power settings used for climbs, level flight, and approaches as well as the various instrument flight modes decreases confusion and/or searching by the student pilot. During use of the checklist, help the student understand the importance of checking items, such as flight instruments during hover checks. Also, tie in the importance of altimeter settings and the fluctuations that may occur when hovering IGE. The instructor should be explaining the reasons for the instrument takeoff following the maximum performance takeoff profile in order to gain altitude as quickly as possible to clear obstructions and the specified minimum instrument airspeed for that helicopter. Special care should be taken to fully explain helicopter approaches, required airspeeds, and the underlying reasons for those restrictions. The instructor’s role is to identify, analyze, and make specific corrective suggestions to help the student. Pointing out parameter errors, such as, “Your heading is off, your altitude is off, your airspeed is off…” without providing detailed corrective action does not help the student. Assess the cause and provide methods or techniques to correct the situation. Whether a ground or flight training session, each training period should end with a thorough debriefing of what transpired and what will be covered in the next training period. Ask for the student’s perception of the training. The student should not walk away unaware of what occurred during this training session, or what will be covered in the next session. Instructor Tips . Review with the student how all the flight instruments operate and the actual location of each instrument inside the helicopter. . Review and practice with the student what instruments are utilized during attitude instrument flight. . Practice a “good cross-check” with the student. . Practice with the student how to interpret the instruments during flight. . Ensure the student uses smooth control inputs at all times during flight. . Review with the student the common errors with each task and instrument. . If appropriate, tell the student well ahead of time what will be covered (task(s) to be flown) for the lesson plan and what the student should study or reference. [Figure 13-4] Chapter Summary This chapter discussed all the common instrument references and concepts associated with attitude instrument flying and some common errors associated with helicopter flight. The chapter covered which flight tasks are accomplished during attitude instrument flying and how to accomplish those tasks with the instruments. Instructor’s Objective Vision is the most important sense for flying. Vision allows us to perceive our position relative to the horizon, observe our location, see and avoid obstructions, and read aircraft instruments and charts. However, in comparison to most other mammals, humans have poor vision in low light conditions. As an instructor, ensure that the student has a working knowledge of visual deficiencies and the techniques that the student can employ to overcome them. Night vision is of particular interest to the helicopter pilot because a helicopter often lands at unimproved sites with no lighting other than what the helicopter furnishes. Night flying can be overwhelming to a new student, especially when leaving the comfort of a lighted airport. Students must learn that potential hazards, such as wires, poles, and towers, become even more dangerous at night as they are not always marked or lighted. The flight profile of the helicopter is typically at a low altitude, which is where most obstacles exist. The instructor should familiarize the student with an area during daylight hours and point out all of the hazards that need to be avoided during a night flight. Another challenge for the student is manipulating the searchlight while flying. It is very easy for the student to become fixated on the light or forget to fly the helicopter while trying to place the light in the correct position. Allow the student time to become familiar with the searchlight while on the ground before attempting it in flight. Another critical issue to address when beginning night flight training is light discipline in the cockpit and how it can affect the ability to see what is around you. As a protection against damaging itself, the eye always adjusts for the brightest light level. If the helicopter’s interior lights are brighter than the outside ambient light level, the eye adjusts to see the brighter inside lights, greatly limiting the ability to see outside the helicopter. The correct cockpit lighting is essential to night flying. It is important that the student has in-depth knowledge of the eye, visual acuity, and the function of rods and cones. Discuss the terms associated with night flight, including the parts and functions of the eye, visual illusions, and night scanning techniques. This information can be found in greater detail in the Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, the Aviation Instructor’s Handbook, the Helicopter Flying Handbook, and Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 91. Additionally, pilots can consult updated information for end of evening civil twilight (EECT) and beginning of morning civil twilight (BMCT) in the document Complete Sun and Moon Data for One Day: U.S. Cities and Towns at http://www.usno.navy.mil. Review these handbooks and regulations with the student and, when appropriate, ask the student to explain night scanning, aircraft lighting, and visual illusions. Achieving these objectives is crucial for the student when performing night flight and applying the night flight techniques. |
